• br Introduction The principal pathways of adrenal and

  2024-09-13

  

  Introduction The principal pathways of adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis have been known for over 50 years (reviewed by Miller and Auchus, 2011). Cholesterol is first converted to pregnenolone via three reactions, 20-hydroxylation, 22-hydroxylation and scission of the 20,22 carbon–carbon bond,

• br Acknowledgements We thank Dr Stefan Schulte Merker

  2024-09-13

  

  Acknowledgements We thank Dr. Stefan Schulte-Merker and his group members at the Hubrecht Institute (Utrecht, the Netherlands) for their invaluable support of the zebrafish studies. Our work is supported by grants from the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF) and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific

• br Results Of the U S

  2024-09-13

  

  Results Of the 51 U.S. jurisdictions surveyed (Table 1), 33 reported that hyperargininemia is one of the conditions for which all newborns are required to be screened, with the earliest screening reported in Massachusetts in 1999. Of the 18 other jurisdictions, an additional 5 reported that hyper

• Autophagy and apoptosis have a very

  2024-09-13

  

  Autophagy and apoptosis have a very complex relationship, and the precise mechanism remains to be determined. At present, a large amount of research has confirmed that autophagy can protect the cell from apoptosis in special conditions such as nutrient deficiency or growth factors deprivation; the e

• In addition to attracting immune cells to

  2024-09-13

  

  In addition to attracting immune cells to the site of injury, ROS also participate in proliferative responses during compensatory proliferation and regeneration. In Xenopus tadpoles, tail amputation induces sustained production of ROS over the span of regeneration, and decreasing ROS levels, especi

• It has been demonstrated that the

  2024-09-13

  

  It has been demonstrated that the hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis are a loss of endothelial function and subsequent activation of the immune system, which is considered as a direct outcome affected by intracellular pro-inflammatory responses [26]. Thus, inhibition of early inflammation could be an i

• These experiments make it clear that

  2024-09-13

  

  These experiments make it clear that one can study the effect of antimalaria drugs that target the DHFR enzyme of P. falciparum by transferring the malaria enzyme into S. cerevisiae. The ease of growth and manipulation of the yeast make it easy to measure the sensitivity of any particular dhfr allel

• br Mechanism of action In general the main

  2024-09-13

  

  Mechanism of action In general, the main targets for antifungal drug development are cell wall polymer (glucans, chitin, mannoproteins), cell membrane (especially ergosterol) biosynthesis, DNA and protein synthesis (topoisomerases, nucleases, elongation factors and myristoylation), and signal tra

• selonsertib Assessment of antibiotic appropriateness is rece

  2024-09-13

  

  Assessment of antibiotic appropriateness is receiving increased attention in the face of growing concerns about the emergence of MDROs, as well as the rise in adverse outcomes associated with antibiotic use such as C. difficile infection. In this study, 15% of cultured Gram-negative organisms met th

• Finally microRNAs miRNA seem to

  2024-09-13

  

  Finally, microRNAs (miRNA) seem to play an important role in AR signaling in BC. Some authors have described a differential E-4031 of miRNAs in AR-positive BCs compared to AR-negative ones. VEGF and mTOR pathways were also reported as implicated in miRNA dysregulation, suggesting a common underlying

• Critically we found that pre

  2024-09-13

  

  Critically we found that pre-treatment with Aβ monomer preparations prevented the Aβ oligomer-induced aggregation of PrPC. These preparations contain a mixture of Aβ species and consequently it was not possible to identify the precise form of Aβ that is responsible for this effect. It is possible th

• So far many independent studies have

  2024-09-12

  

  So far, many independent studies have linked cholesterol metabolism–related genes with AD, either by showing associations with specific polymorphisms or with differential MAFP levels (Beecham et al., 2014, Blain and Poirier, 2004, Lambert et al., 2009, Lambert et al., 2013, Leduc et al., 2015, Papa

• In large biopsies series from

  2024-09-12

  

  In large biopsies series from ALK+ NSCLC treated patients, the number of detected mutations increased after second generation ALKi (Gainor et al., 2016) and in one study were present in 56% of the entire cohort (Shaw et al., 2013b). For example, the rate of G1202R mutations increases from 2% in post

• Cancer stem cells CSCs may have been first

  2024-09-12

  

  Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may have been first identified in teratocarcinomas [11], [12], with its initial clues date back to the 19th century [13]. Kleinsmith and Pierce [12] established the immortal pluripotent teratocarcinoma lines from a single transplanted multi-potent malignant cell, strongly su

• Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of

  2024-09-12

  

  Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of 5-HT in ureteral contractility, the source of endogenous 5-HT in the ureter is unclear. Since 5-HT-containing enterochromaffin cells, which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, could not be found in the ureter (Nocito et al., 2007, Ripoche,

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